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# linux-cheat-sheet
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<div align="center">
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<h1>Linux Cheat Sheet</h1>
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<p>A curated list of essential Linux information and commands every user should know</p>
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</div>
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# Index
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**File Management** :file_folder:
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 • [Change Directories](#change-directories)
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 • [List Files](#list-files)
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 • [Current Directory](#current-directory)
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 • [File Contents](#file-contents)
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 • [File Creation](#file-creation)
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 • [File Deletion](#file-deletion)
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 • [Copy Files](#copy-files)
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 • [Move Files](#move-files)
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 • [Compare Files](#compare-files)
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 • [Symbolic Links](#symbolic-links)
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**Permission Manipulation** :briefcase:
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 • [Accessors](#accessors)
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 • [Permissions](#permissions)
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 • [Symbolic vs Absolute](#symbolic-vs-absolute)
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 • [Change Ownership](#change-ownership)
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 • [Set Permissions](#set-permissions)
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**Packaging** :package:
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 • [Sync Package List](#sync-package-list)
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 • [Query Packages](#query-packages)
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 • [Install Packages](#install-packages)
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 • [Delete Packages](#delete-packages)
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 • [List Packages](#list-packages)
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 • [Package Information](#package-information)
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**Source Control** :octocat:
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 • [Clone Repositories](#clone-repositories)
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 • [Stage Files](#stage-files)
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 • [Commit Files](#commit-files)
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 • [Upload Files](#upload-files)
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## Legend
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 • angle brackets `<required argument>`
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 • square brackets `[optional option]`
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 • curly braces `{default values}`
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 • parenthesis `(miscellaneous info)`
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 • hastag `# comment`
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<details open><summary><h3>:file_folder: File Management</h3></summary>
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In Linux everything is a file. Directories are just a list of files and for that reason, many programs such as `ls` and `mv` don't disctriminate
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## Change Directories
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change to a directory (home)
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```bash
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cd [dirPath]
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```
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## List Files
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list all files in a directory (current)
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```bash
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ls [dirPath]
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# including hidden
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ls -A [dirPath]
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```
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## Current Directory
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return path to working directory
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```bash
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pwd
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```
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## File Contents
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output file content to terminal
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```bash
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cat <filePath>
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# first <N> lines
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head <N> <filePath>
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# last <N> lines
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tail <N> <filePath>
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```
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## File Creation
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make file
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```bash
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cat [someText] > <filePath>
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# join two files into a new file
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cat <filePath> <filePath> > <filePath>
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# make directory
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mkdir <dirPath>
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```
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## File Deletion
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```bash
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rm <filePath>
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# and directories
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rm -r <dirPath>
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# recursive force (without confirmation)
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rm -fr <dirPath>
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```
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## Copy Files
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copy files to a destination directory
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```bash
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cp <filePath> <dirPath>
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# and directories
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cp -r <dirPath> <dirPath>
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```
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## Move Files
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move files/directories to a destination
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```bash
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mv <filePath> <dirPath>
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# rename a file
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mv <fileName> <newFileName>
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```
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## Compare Files
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check the difference between two files
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```bash
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diff <filePath> <filePath>
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```
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## Symbolic Links
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create a link pointing to target file (shortcut)
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```bash
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ln -s <filePath> <linkName>
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```
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---
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</details>
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<details open><summary><h3>:briefcase: Permission Manipulation</h3></summary>
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Every file on a Linux system has read, write & execute permissions defined per user, group & other
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## Accessors
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[`u`]ser — who created the file
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[`g`]roup — set of users with common permissions
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[`o`]ther — anyone who isn't user or in groups
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[`a`]ll — all of the above (`ugo`)
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## Permissions
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[`r`]ead — view file contents
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[`w`]rite — edit/modify file
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e[`x`]ecute — run executable or view directory
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none - no rights (`-`)
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## Symbolic vs Absolute
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symbolic ｜ absolute, read, write & execute per user, group & other command sequence table
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• | u | g | o | ug | uo | go | a
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--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
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**r** | `u=r`｜`400` | `g=r`｜`040` | `o=r`｜`004` | `ug=r`｜`440` | `uo=r`｜`404` | `go=r`｜`044` | `a=r`｜`444`
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**w** | `u=w`｜`200` | `g=w`｜`020` | `o=w`｜`002` | `ug=w`｜`220` | `uo=w`｜`202` | `go=w`｜`022` | `a=w`｜`222`
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**x** | `u=x`｜`100` | `g=x`｜`010` | `o=x`｜`001` | `ug=x`｜`110` | `uo=x`｜`101` | `go=x`｜`011` | `a=x`｜`111`
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**rw** | `u=rw`｜`600` | `g=rw`｜`060` | `o=rw`｜`006` | `ug=rw`｜`660` | `uo=rw`｜`606` | `go=rw`｜`066` | `a=rw`｜`666`
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**rx** | `u=rx`｜`500` | `g=rx`｜`050` | `o=rx`｜`005` | `ug=rx`｜`550` | `uo=rx`｜`505` | `go=rx`｜`055` | `a=rx`｜`555`
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**wx** | `u=wx`｜`300` | `g=wx`｜`030` | `o=wx`｜`003` | `ug=wx`｜`330` | `uo=wx`｜`303` | `go=wx`｜`033` | `a=wx`｜`333`
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**rwx** | `u=rwx`｜`700` | `g=rwx`｜`070` | `o=rwx`｜`007` | `ug=rwx`｜`770` | `uo=rwx`｜`707` | `go=rwx`｜`007` | `a=rwx`｜`777`
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## Change Ownership
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set a user (and group) to a file
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```bash
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chown <user>[:group] <filePath>
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```
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## Set Permissions
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define permissions per user, group & other of file
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```bash
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chmod <permissions> <filePath>
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```
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</details>
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<details open><summary><h3>:package: Packaging</h3></summary>
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Installing programs in Linux is a bit different than on Windows. When you need a specific program, it's best to use your system's package manager to install software. Package managers handle dependencies, upgrading, querying, installing, removing, listing packages and much more. They severly reduce the complexity of installing software for the end-user
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## Sync Package List
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upgrade packages & sync repositories
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```bash
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# arch linux
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pacman -Syu
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# debian
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apt update && apt upgrade
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```
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## Query Packages
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search for a package
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```bash
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# arch linux
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pacman -Ss [package]
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# debian
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apt search [package]
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```
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## Install Packages
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install a package
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```bash
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# arch linux
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pacman -S <package>
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# debian
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apt install <package>
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```
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## Delete Packages
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uninstall a package
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```bash
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# arch linux
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pacman -Runss <package>
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# debian
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apt purge <package>
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```
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## List Installed
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list installed packages
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```bash
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# arch linux
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pacman -Qe
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# debian
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apt list --installed
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```
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## Package Information
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```bash
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# arch linux
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pacman -Si <package>
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# debian
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apt info <package>
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```
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</details>
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<details open><summary><h3>:octocat: Source Control</h3></summary>
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Using below methods to clone an existing (empty) repository, means we can skip several unecessary, over-complicated commands
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## Clone Repositories
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download a repositories contents (& .git)
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/<user>/<repository>
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# or a specific branch
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git clone -b <branch> --single-branch https://github.com/<user>/<repository>
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```
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﹡ _although this command uses github as a refrence, any suitable version control software should work as intended_
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## Stage Files
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add new or changed files to the staging area
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```bash
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git add .
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```
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## Commit Files
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snapshot staged files with a message
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```bash
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git commit -m 'initial commit'
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```
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## Upload Files
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upload staged files
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```bash
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git push
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```
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</details>
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